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PLC、DCS、FCS三大控制系统的基本特点
目前,在连续型流程生产工业过程控制中,有三大控制系统,即PLC、DCS和FCS。它们各自的基本特点如下:
1.1 PLC
(1)从开关量控制发展到顺序控制、运算处理,是从下往上的。
(2)逻辑控制、定时控制、 计数控制、 步进(顺序)控制、连续PID控制、 数据控制-PLC具有数据处理能力、 通信和联网等多功能。
(3)可用一台PC机为主站,多台同型PLC为从站。
(4)也可一台PLC为主站,多台同型PLC为从站,构成PLC网络。这比用PC机作主站方便之处是:有用户编程时,不必知道通信协议,只要按说明书格式写就行。
(5)PLC网络既可作为独立DCS/TDCS,也可作为DCS/TDCS的子系统。
(6)主要用于工业过程中的顺序控制,新型PLC也兼有闭环控制功能。
1.2 DCS
(1)分散控制系统DCS与集散控制系统TDCS是集4C(Communication,Computer, Control、CRT)技术于一身的监控技术,是第四代过程控制系统。既有计算机控制系统控制算式先进、精度高、响应速度快的优点,又有仪表控制系统安全可靠、维护方便的要求。
(2)从上到下的树状拓扑大系统,其中通信(Communication)是关键。
(3)是树状拓扑和并行连续的链路结构,也有大量电缆从中继站并行到现场仪器仪表。
(4)模拟信号,A/D—D/A、带微处理器的混合。是由几台计算机和一些智能仪表智能部件组成,并逐渐地以数字信号来取代模拟信号。
(5)一台仪表一对线接到I/O,由控制站挂到局域网LAN。
(6)DCS是控制(工程师站)、操作(操作员站)、现场仪表(现场测控站)的3级结构。缺点是成本高,各公司产品不能互换,不能互操作,大DCS系统是各家不同的。
(7)用于大规模的连续过程控制,如石化、大型电厂机组的集中控制等。
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