|Protocatechuic aldehyde is a polyphenol isolated from many plants and foods; it exhibits anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, and hepatoprotective activities. In animal models of ischemia/reperfusion, protocatechuic aldehyde decreases levels of creatine kinase-MB, troponin-1, TNF- , IL-6, intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and inhibitor of B kinase (IKK) and prevents activation of NF- B, decreasing infarct size. Additionally, protocatechuic aldehyde decreases activity of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, decreasing levels of myeloperoxidase and activation of NF- B and preventing sepsis in animal models. This compound also decreases activation of caspase 3 in endothelial cells, preventing apoptosis. In animal models of liver fibrosis, protocatechuic aldehyde decreases levels of collagen, TGF- , and connective transforming growth factor (CTGF).|C7H6O3|138.12||Ambient|6310 mg/L H2O
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